Definitions of abnormality unit 2 Essays - Abnormal Psychology

Meanings of variation from the norm unit 2 Essays - Abnormal Psychology 119Abnormality is hard to characterize to choose where ordinary conduct closes and where unusual conduct starts talk about at least two meanings of variation from the norm. (12 imprints) Another conceivable method to characterize anomaly is the inability to work enough. The vast majority who look for mental assistance are experiencing a feeling of mental trouble or inconvenience. In many social orders we have desires for how individuals ought to act and live their lives. A model where this definition can be applied is the point at which somebody is experiencing serious melancholy, which prompts lack of concern and dormancy, this implies the discouraged individual may neglect to try and get up toward the beginning of the day or hold down a vocation and relationship. Inability to work satisfactorily is a general indication of confusion and not itself explicit to any condition. Rosenham and Seligman propose that the most reasonable way to deal with characterizing mental variation from the norm might be to distinguish a lot of seven unusual qualities comprising of misery, maladaptiveness, distinctiveness and flightiness of conduct, unusualness and loss of control, mindle ssness and limitlessness and watches uneasiness. It is recommended that the more an individual has these qualities the more they are classed as unusual. A second definition for irregularity is the deviation from perfect emotional well-being. This methodology not at all like the past one tries to recognize the qualities individuals should be intellectually solid instead of distinguishing the issues. A model is somebody experiencing schizophrenia who regularly experience pipedreams and dreams, a few patients additionally experience absence of enthusiastic reaction. Jahoda sees variation from the norm along these lines to the impression of perfect psychological wellness and searches for a nonattendance of prosperity. She distinguishes 6 significant attributes that people should display so as to be typical. It is the nonattendance of these rules which show irregularity and in this way showing deviation from perfect psychological wellness. These rules comprise of self perspectives, self-improvement, coordination, self-rule, impression of the real world and ecological authority. The individuals who experience the ill effects of schizophren ia subsequently experience the ill effects of a nonattendance of having an exact view of reality just as being not able to feel for other people. This nonattendance demonstrates a deviation from perfect psychological wellness and along these lines may arrange somebody as being anomalous. One issue with Rosenham and Seligmans highlights is that the vast majority of them include making abstract decisions. This is a noteworthy restriction since conduct making extreme distress one eyewitness may have no impact on another spectator while conduct that disregards one people moral standard is steady with another people moral guidelines. The other issue with the classifications is that they likewise apply to individuals who are non-traditionalist and individuals who just think diversely to most of society yet are intellectually sound. Consequently there are no away from proportions of ordinariness or irregularity. This turns out to be significantly progressively troublesome when a few people don't know about their inability to work enough, numerous individuals with schizophrenia deny they have any issue. In this way it would make it extremely hard to analyze such an individual as schizophrenic while passing by the inability to work satisfactorily definition. Social varieties are likewise a restriction to the FFA way to deal with irregularity. Standard examples of conduct and cultural standards and qualities shift across societies prompting critical contrasts in the manner individuals see commonality. What one individual may esteem unusual and degenerate in one culture might be altogether steady with another culture this makes it hard to utilize the FFA as a meaning of variation from the norm and to utilize it as a target device of estimation for irregularity. In England if an outsider was to begin chatting with you in for instance a train, in all likelihood they would be believed to be a little unusual as accepted practices here direct that individuals should stay away from others in broad daylight transport and in most different places too as the British populace esteem their private space and calm . Nonetheless, in numerous different nations, for example, The Netherlands it is totally ordinary and reliable with their cultural standards to grin and state great morning and even beginning a discussion. This shows essentially if a portion of these individuals were to come to Britain and carry on a similar way they did at home they might be marked as somewhat strange so the FFA approach can be very

Psychoticism and Creativity Theory

Question: Examine about the Psychoticism and Creativity Theory. Answer: Presentation: The central point of the article is to assess and comprehend different jobs of inventiveness in welcoming transformative effect on the instruction framework. To see a top to bottom information about the capacity of inventiveness in term of training, the paper has considered assessing some pertinent hypothetical ideas of innovativeness. The word Creativity is the meaning of that specific capacity through which another and unique thought can be developed. At the end of the day, innovativeness is most likely the capacity of turning imaginative, unique and new ideas into the real world. It is, subsequently, the ability of discovering examples and thoughts which are covered up and utilize them to obtain new arrangements. In the expressions of Craft et al., (2013), through innovativeness the world can see better approaches to create arrangements. A significant point to consider in this issue is the productivity of imagination can be gained when there will be an innovative individual, a unique item alongside an inventive procedure. Theory explanation Innovativeness and training is interconnected and speculations of psychoanalytical, humanistic and framework together readies a solid ground to help that. Creaytivity as opined by Wachanga, Kamonjo Okere, (2015), is a positive exertion results from a badly arranged circumstance. In view of the ideas of Kumpulainen, Mikkola Jaatinen, (2014), the psychoanalytical hypothesis is presumably the most seasoned hypothetical idea that contends that innovativeness is the starter demonstration of returning from a cruel circumstance. The theoretical methodology of Psychoanalytical hypothesis for innovativeness is that an inventive individual is the consequence of troublesome and muddled conditions. It is henceforth justifiable that inventiveness resembles a side of alleviation for an individual to discover the arrangement in an unfriendly universe, that exertion through which imaginative thoughts step up. This hypothetical idea has been proliferated since Freud contended that inventiveness starts when struggle emerges from strain and disappointment. In any case, Sigmund Freud's words on instruction ensnare that training is the procedure empowering a person in taking dynamic support in culture without losing or hurting the first vitality of that specific. In the authentic setting, psychoanalytical propensities in instruction have been identified with the instinctual inclinations of the understudies. Following the Orthodox idea of Psychoanalytical hypothesis, imagination among school going kids develops from the internal clashes. In the setting to first learning and kid advancement, inventive training is required as inventiveness is viewed as a capable part for upgrading childrens mental development. On the opposite side, as contended by Davies et al., (2013), innovativeness with respect to youngster training is vital for improving individual, mental development and prosperity. . Inventiveness in eduction is progressed through the connection between an instructor and an understudy and their individual job with respect to training. In the contentious expressions of Sawyer, (2015), imagination through learning is trustworthy on youngsters' feeling. The inquiry may emerge about the connection between a teacher and a school kid and the job of the instructor in drawing out the inventive part of the kid. The psychoanalytical hypothesis contends that transference is the connecting term between an instructor and an understudies imaginative methodology. The idea expounds that an educator is a dependable factor for a childs social and mental development that further improves the imaginative intensity of psyche (Amabile, 2012). Thusly, it very well may be comprehended that craetivity among kids depends upon feeling which is created by a proficient educator. The most critical thought of Freud that is pertinent to an understudy's mental development to acquire imaginative idea into instruction is his examination between inventive procedure and elective alternatives for hypochondria (Ramos Puccio, 2014). Sigmund Freud contended that inventiveness goes about as a resistance system which gives insurance against hypochondria. It further prompts make an all around acknowledged creation that ends up being a bit of open delight. In this manner, the idea of innovativeness in training is exposed to the ideas basic ascribe to proceed as a resistance. In expressions of Boothby (2014), this specific idea of innovativeness is important for training as imaginative instruction is a workmanship and a craftsmanship is viewed as best barrier as far as buildup or dislodging. Subsequently, it tends to be called attention to that innovative training is a barrier component for understudies that eventually transform into a work of examination. In nations like Canada and USA, imaginative reasoning has been named as an essential basic segment of learning. The National curricular focal point of Korea accepts that an informed individual is an imaginative individual. In particular, in Sweden national arrangement of national improvement for by and large instructive focus distinguishes training as the way toward creating inventive abilities (Elliott, 2015). The principal issue with the psychoanalytic methodology of inventiveness about training is that there is less conversation on the mode of oblivious rises above through which innovativeness discharges. It is on the grounds that oblivious rises above assume a significant job in drawing in the vitality to make something creative. Subsequently, it proceeds as a helpful sublimity which ought to have been talked about quickly in the psychoanalytic methodology. The Humanistic hypothesis, then again, shows that human wants and requests depend upon fundamental needs which are water, food and solace, wellbeing needs that is security, and necessities of adoration that is closeness. The most significant one before acquire self-actualisation is the need to have distinction and achievement. When the entirety of the necessities are satisfied, an individual arrives at the phase of self-realization. As opined by Schneider, Pierson Bugental, (2014), an individual can act in an important way when the individual passes the degree of self-realization. The purpose for having the option to become inventive is the capacity to address all the issues. According to the contention of the hypothesis, innovativeness isn't exposed to a specific situation. The hypothesis with respect to learning gives a theoretical viewpoint that observes that inventiveness is the central factor on account of progressing mental and physical development in term of society that at lo ng last backings to get dynamic towards learning. All the more quickly, in light of the expressions of Laurens et al., (2012), self-completion is the key through which an individual can secure opportunity from every single social control and snatches the capacity to turn into an inventive person. In any case, the detriments of this strategy are that self-realization is most likely unreasonably hard for a pre-school or school going kid and must be material upon grown-up in training. It is on the grounds that for a kid, the prime need is constrained inside the essential ones and doesn't for the most part recah to the necessities of security, love and regard. It ought not be dismissed that the humanist idea of imagination is the improvement strategy that assists with getting less protective, less critical (Amabile, 2012). Characteristics like such give the recompense to communicate any new thought with complete opportunity. In instruction, there is constantly a spot for new thoughts and creative reasoning. The best approach to turn into an imaginative student is the method of creating trust and passing on any new idea with no reluctance. For example, in nations like the US, UK, and Australia, uncommon grants are given to those understudies who are equipped for demonstrating selective learning execution by bringing or advancing any new thought or idea in their particular investigations. In China, the job of innovativeness in instruction is to elevate and persuade students to create imaginative learning in the talks of training. For the educational system of China, innovative learning or offering chances to the understudies to become inventive is the strategy for setting up the whole instruction framework unique (Ramos Puccio, 2014). In any case, since the spread of system hypothesis in the year 1980, nature turned into an indispensable part of inventiveness. Innovativeness in learning became far reaching when the job of nature is being given unnecessary need. By the expressions of Baer, (2012), in this specific field, the Humanistic hypothesis appears to be less commendable. The Humanistic methodology at last shames the job of condition. According to the framework hypothesis which is begun and affected from Bertalanffy's general hypothesis of framework, nature decides if an individual could arrive at the degree of self-completion to get creative or not further. Humanistic hypothesis, despite what might be expected, offers credit to the key needs of human instinct to bend the feature of innovativeness instead of condition. In any case, in instruction, nature does make a difference as a learner or understudy can create quality development in the socio-social and mental side in a well-suited environment. The psychoanalytic hypothesis in this setting matches with the idea of respecting the part of the earth to be a prime factor for inventiveness. It is on the grounds that; the hypothesis accepts that troublesome condition makes an individual constrained enough to discover an answer by imagination (Ramos Puccio, 2014). Be that as it may, for pre-school and school going kids both the hypotheses of psychoanalytic and humanistic sound less upstanding. The connection among innovativeness and training is overwhelmed by another peculiar viewpoint which is characterized by the hypothesis of Psychoticism, however maniacal attributes are uncommon to develop inventiveness. As indicated by Cassetta Goghari, (2014), the hypothesis of Psychoticism is presumably the most unusual one among the other hypothetical ideas of innovativeness. The Psychoticism hypothesis of advancement or inventiveness signifies that the innovativeness is exposed to the maniacal propensities those urge a person to acquire an imaginative character. A contention can be raised abou

Dont Make These 5 Mistakes If You Want a Great College Recommendation Letter

Dont Make These 5 Mistakes If You Want a Great College Recommendation Letter If youre a student getting ready for college, whether youre applying for undergrad or graduate school, and youre in the process of gathering all the documents that the college application requires, youve already learned that youll need a great letter (or letters) of recommendation. While much of creating an effective, convincing letter of recommendation is in how it is worded, there are a few mistakes to avoid (on your end, as a student requesting the letters) if you want to make sure that you have the best possible chance of appearing highly recommended to admissions committees.Mistake 1 â€" Picking just any teacher to write itIn most situations, college applications will ask for letters of recommendation from specific teachers or from your principal and/or school counselor. If youre given the option to submit letters of recommendation from anyone of your choice, be sure to choose a person with whom youve interacted on multiple occasions, and someone who has been in a position of au thority (or leadership) rather than simply a peer (like your friend or sibling).Some examples of great recommenders include:Your homeroom teacherTeachers youve had for subjects in which youve excelledChoir or band directorMusic/dance teachersYour pastor or youth leaderThe leader of a nonprofit you volunteer forThe point you want to keep in mind as you choose whom to ask is that it needs to be someone who knows you well and who wants to see you succeed. This usually means someone that youve interacted with on more than one or two occasions, or someone who has known you for many years. Getting a recommendation from a pastor or a spiritual leader who has watched you in various leadership functions within your place of worship would be a far preferable recommendation than one from a teacher who has known you, and the quality of work you produce, for only a few months.One way to make sure you pick the right person is to meet with him or her briefly and ask if he or she has the time to wr ite a great letter of recommendation for you. If you sense that he or she is too busy, or if he or she mentions something along the lines of I have so many to write, consider asking someone else, especially if the person you already asked is not the best person to highlight details of your interactions with him or her.Mistake 2 â€" Being shy if youre told to write it yourselfA common response many teachers or mentors have when asked by a student to write a recommendation letter is, Why dont you just write it yourself and Ill sign it?If your first impulse is to dread this response, dont. Its actually the golden ticket, as far as recommendation letters go. You should be excited and up for the challenge, which is primarily to toot your own horn for a bit.Mistake 3 â€" Leaving out specific examplesIts one thing to write in a recommendation letter that the recommended person is generous. Its something else entirely to tell of how he brought donuts to the study sessions whenever a person in his study group was celebrating a birthday, and how he was voted most giving for two years in a row in the school-wide vote for superlative categories. These specific examples serve as narrative proof of the qualities of the applicant, and they add a sense of legitimacy to the letter and to the relationship between the recommended and the recommender.When you ask recommenders to write a college recommendation letter for you, ask them if they would also include specific examples of your interaction with them. If they have been writing letters of recommendation for a long time, theyre likely already aware of the importance of adding specific examples when they write it. It never hurts to include this request just to make sure!If the recommender has requested that you write the letter for him or her, be sure to add these specific examples into your writing. If you cant come up with any noteworthy examples, it never hurts to call up (or email) the recommender and ask if there are any specific encounters that come to mind that you can include in the letter of recommendation you are writing in his or her name.Mistake 4 â€" Having spelling or grammar errorsAny letter, regardless of content, will lose its effectiveness if it contains glaring spelling or grammar mistakes. Professionals are expected to submit written communication with clear, correct usage and syntax, and letters of recommendation to colleges should be considered professional. Sloppy usage and grammatical errors seriously deflect from the message of the letter, and they can turn a glowing recommendation into one that has a negative effect on your chances of being accepted to the college. If you notice a grammar or spelling error on a letter of recommendation that was written for you, dont be embarrassed to point it out and request that the teacher gives you a corrected copy. Think of these letters as a sort of first impression the admissions committee gets of youâ€"do everything possible to make sure they are correct ones!Mistake 5 â€" Not giving your writer (or yourself) enough time to meet recommendation letter deadlinesThe college application process is a whirlwind of activity and requires paying attention to deadlines to ensure that you meet them. Writing recommendation letters takes up a lot of time, particularly if the writer has been asked by several college applicants he or she knows to write one. Thats why its important to give your recommender as much time as possible to get a letter to you (or to the admissions committee at the school(s) you want to attend). You shouldnt expect to ask for the letter and get it within one day (or even a timeframe of a few days). A week or more is a good deadline to suggest to the person writing your recommendation letter.The most important thing to remember is that in the college rush of application deadlines, giving your teachers or leaders adequate time to write and submit a letter is as much for you as for them. The more time they have to focus on writing a great letter for you, the better the letter will be. Its as simple as that.Sample letter 1 â€" Focusing on applicants characterDear Admissions Committee:It is with great pleasure that I write this letter of recommendation for [insert name here]. As a highly intelligent and capable student, she has demonstrated her ability to overcome tough academic and personal challenges and to succeed when others thought she would fail throughout her high school experience.I have worked with [insert name here] in the capacity of both adviser and instructor, and in both cases I have found her to be pleasant, conscientious, and motivated to excel. If something was taught in class that she could not fully grasp, she immediately asked for resources she could access at home in order to understand the topic I was teaching through her own homework.An incident I feel summarizes her character best was when her mother fell ill during her junior year and was unable to take care of [insert student name here] and her sisters fully. Instead of using this situation as an excuse, [insert student name] not only took care of her sisters in the role of a caretaker, but she also worked an afternoon job to help support the family during its financial struggles. I dont know how she managed this while simultaneously keeping up with her homework, but she did, and she didnt ask for any special treatment during the course of these events taking place. All of her teachers were shocked at her level of maturity and responsibility â€" two traits not usually shared by other 16-year-olds in our student body.I believe that [insert name here] has tremendous potential in her chosen field, and I look forward to seeing what she will accomplish, both during and after her undergraduate studies. If you have any questions or would like further information from me regarding my recommendation of [insert name here], please feel free to contact me at [insert phone number or e-mail address].Si ncerely,Your name hereSample letter 2 â€" Focusing on applicants academic achievementsDear Admissions Committee:It is with great pleasure that I write this letter of recommendation for [insert name here]. As a highly intelligent and capable student, she has demonstrated her ability to overcome tough academic challenges and to succeed when others thought she would fail throughout her high school experience.I have worked with [insert name here] in the capacity of both adviser and instructor, and in both cases I have found her to be pleasant, conscientious, and motivated to excel. I taught her as a math instructor, and if something was taught in class that she could not fully grasp, she immediately asked for resources she could access at home in order to understand the topic I was teaching through her own homework.An incident I feel summarizes her academic achievements best is when she was selected to be on our mathematics team and to compete in the national mathematics competitions th at were held in New York City this past year in August. The team I took to the competition were all bright kids, but I felt that [insert students name here] showed more potential than most in becoming a success in the STEM field due to her mathematics knowledge. During the competition, she was poised and energetic, and seemed to become a natural leader of the other team members, who looked to her for advice when a problem arose that they were unsure of.I believe that [insert name here] has great potential in STEM, or any mathematics-related field, and I look forward to seeing what she will accomplish, both during and after her undergraduate studies. If you have any questions or would like further information from me regarding my recommendation of [insert name here], please feel free to contact me at [insert phone number or e-mail address].Sincerely,Your name here

Visiting Museums - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 299 Downloads: 4 Date added: 2017/09/18 Category Art Essay Type Argumentative essay Did you like this example? Some people find visiting museums boring as a form of entertainment, while others believe that the role of museums is to educate people, not entertain. Discuss, what is your opinion? In our world today, there is a wide variety of museums where people can travel to and see differently interesting things. Some people state that visiting museums is only a form of recreation; others disagree, arguing that museums play a role in education. In fact, each of these arguments has its own validity. Firstly, museums such as art and music can offer people with a wide range of entertainment activities. For example, they often organise traditional music events performed by local or other famous artists that people can attend to and enjoy to some extent. Another point is that many visitors nowadays may choose to come to museums just for pleasure or as one of the activities that they take part in their holiday trips. This, therefore, makes museums a place to entertain in people leisure time. On the other hand, the establishment of a particular museum like history, science, or oceanography is usually attached to educational purposes. As can be seen, school and university students and teachers are always the guests of museums because the places are where they can discover and obtain a large amount of information related to their studies and teaching. In addition, there are a number of seminars and conferences held at museums that are informative and necessary for scholars and experts in their fields of research. In this way, museums prove the supporting role in human education. In conclusion, visiting museums is clearly seen as both means of entertainment and education. However, from my viewpoint, people should perceive the value of museums in enhancing their own knowledge about the world they live in. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Visiting Museums" essay for you Create order

The United States Energy Industry Essay - 1431 Words

Natural gas is playing an increasingly important role in the global economy, rising to the occasion as an alternative to other fossil fuels such as coal because it burns cleaner. As the oil reserves in many parts of the world are being depleted, the availability of a viable alternative such as natural gas is becoming increasingly important. So too is the lure of the future possibility of energy independence for countries both developed and developing. In the last decade, oil and natural gas development have rapidly expanded in the United States, fundamentally reshaping domestic energy production. It is abundant both within the United States and around the world. Currently, natural gas provides 22% of the U. S. energy demands. It also†¦show more content†¦As the number of companies using the high-volume hydraulic fracturing process has expanded, so too has the scale of chemical activity. The long-term health and environmental effects of injecting large volumes of small concentrations of chemicals at this scale are uncertain and hotly debated. For years, American environmentalist groups have aimed their agenda against coal-fired generation plants as the leading villains in the climate change battle. Their censure is well directed. More than 83% of greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) are in the form of CO2 with no one producing more of it than energy plants (Naff, 2014). At the same time, the Obama administration has declared an end to U. S. support for coal-fired electricity projects abroad. While the United States energy industry clearly still leads the way on the revolutionary drilling method, the rest of the world is beginning to catch up as nations seek to replicate American success in oil and natural gas development (Wolfgang, 2013). Taking the lead in Europe, Poland plans to begin producing shale gas using hydraulic fracturing, commonly known as fracking, as soon as next year, the country’s treasury minister said recently. More than 100 exploration concessions to more than two dozen companies have been awarded, and the Polish State Geological Institute estimates thatShow MoreRelatedEssay On Whats Next For U. S. Energy975 Words   |  4 PagesWhat’s next for U.S. energy? The coal industry in the United States has been a substantial job industry in states such as Wyoming, Kentucky, and Ohio providing up to over 76,000 mining careers in 2014 that area essential for the areas surrounding the mines but employment number is less than that of Arby’s, the fast food chain (Ingraham 2017). 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Eli Lilly Developing Cymbalta Free Essays

Eli Lilly and company is a pharmaceutical company that was established in 1876 by Colonel Eli Lilly, who had served in the union army during the Civil War. One of the products the company developed includes the antidepressant drug Prozac, which has been a legendary product for the company and has generated billions of dollars since its launch. As Prozac’s patent expiration date approached, thereby allowing the sale of generic versions in the U. We will write a custom essay sample on Eli Lilly: Developing Cymbalta or any similar topic only for you Order Now S. , the company decided to pursue a product to replace Prozac, named Cymbalta. John Kaiser, the marketing director at Eli Lilly and member of a cross-functional RD team, new anti-depressant team (NAT), has been tasked to lead this effort. Kaiser prepared a presentation about the potential successor, Cymbalta, and convened a meeting with the NAT members to discuss its future potential. The goal of the meeting was to thoroughly analyze and discuss the pros and cons about Cymbalta’s development and strategic opportunities based on the different options of use. This paper will identify the strategic issues and problems the NAT faced in developing the new product. The paper will then analyze and evaluate the industry and market behavior by using a SWOT analysis. Finally, this paper will offer a set of recommendations based on the surrounding circumstances and options available to the Eli Lilly team. Identification of the strategic issues and problems: Eli Lilly and company’s NAT members began the process of searching for a successful replacement to Prozac by looking into the strategic choices, possibilities, and successful launch of a replacement shortly after the expiration of Prozac’s patent. Cymbalta was considered as a viable successor to Prozac because it seemed a) to be as good as or better than existing antidepressants, b) to show no signs of safety precautions or toxicity issues, c) to meet previous unmet patient needs, and d) to show promising signs of development as a product to also treat pain, especially if it did not cause special side effects. However, when Lilly developed Cymbalta back in the early 1990’s, for the major depressive disorder (MDD) market, the product failed to show satisfactory levels of efficacy for treating MDD in phase 2 trials in 1993. Additionally, Lilly had so little experience in the therapeutic area. Moreover, there were variances in the opinions of Neurologists and Psychiatrists related to the symptoms of pain, such as chronic back pain or recurring headache tied to depression. Those variances could peril the decision making process from the top management. Also, since there were no clear guidelines from the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), for the development of pain indications associated to depression, the likelihood of FDA approval was very slim. Kaiser and the team also encountered several constraints. The team had to decide how to prioritize the clinical trials for Cymbalta within the range of $25 to $50 million and a time frame of 15 to 18 months to design, enroll patients for trial, and then analyze and document results for the clinical trial. Each study was a major task for the NAT members and the team had the opportunity to submit only one objective to the FDA for marketing approval. On the other hand, since Cymbalta had been tested with twice daily dosages of 20 mg, 30 mg, and 40 mg, NAT members also looked into the option of conducting a new set of clinical trials to establish once-a-day dosage of 60 mg of Cymbalta to treat Major Depressive Disorder (MDD). The new option would provide more expedient dosing for patients and would also put the product on par with the major competitors. Analysis and Evaluation: The U. S. pharmaceutical industry is complex and dynamic. It’s an industry that is characterized by high-tech research and development (RD) expenditures and extensive regulation of its products, especially in comparison with other manufacturing sectors. The U. S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversee policies that produce faster review and approval times for drugs. The agency carefully evaluates the safety of any new drug and its efficacy. Such policies result in extended periods during which companies can exclusively market their pharmaceutical products. Longer periods of market exclusivity for pharmaceuticals then increase sales revenues, and increased sales revenues in turn lead to greater profits and potentially more funding for RD. Treatment of depression is one area that the U. S. pharmaceutical industry has heavily invested in. The total sales of U. S. antidepressants reached close to $9 billion in the year 2000. Companies such as Eli Lilly capitalized on this opportunity and became a leading force in the antidepressant market with its Prozac drug. Antidepressant product development companies invest heavily in Research and Development (RD), and patent it. With each successful launch of a product, they enjoy its patent rights for quite a long period of time and enjoy the exclusive rights to produce and sell that product resulting in enormous profits for the company. Thus, drug companies continuously attempt to differentiate their product from competitors and bundle in such a way that is more tailored to segment of the market where they can realize higher profits. SWOT Analysis: Strengths: †¢Potential successor to a highly successful brand – Prozac from a well-established company in the pharmaceutical industry. Part of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRI) group of drugs, which is popular and had fewer side effects than tricyclic anti-depressant (TCA) and monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOI). †¢Potential to treat both depression and chronic pain, such as headache and backache caused by depression. Weaknesses: †¢Product that is not different from competitors’ brands. †¢Twice-a-day dosing regi men of 20-40 mg. Threats: †¢Serious market competition from competitors’ brands such as Paxils and Zoloft with same efficacy. No clear concession amongst physicians as to the nature of link between depression and pain. †¢Attempting to compare Cymbalta to existing SSRI on pain might fail to conclusively separate from competitors, thus giving rival drugs an implicit endorsement for treating pain. Opportunities: †¢Potential development of 60 mg once-a-day dosage with high efficacy. †¢The possibility of pursuing patients with fibromyalgia (severe muscle pain and chronic fatigue) and Diabetic peripheral neuropathic pain or DPNP (a painful and debilitating complication of diabetes). According to the National Studies of Health, over 40 million Americans were unable to find relief from their pain, including patients with fibromyalgia and DPNP. Pros and Cons of Plausible Alternatives: If developed successfully, Cymbalta could be a unique product that has the ability to significantly reduce and improve depression and pain. Patients with fibromyalgia and DPNP could greatly benefit from Cymbalta. The pain relief may also be great for patients who suffer from depression and chronic pain like headache and backache. The NAT’s idea of pursuing the 60 mg daily dosage is also attractive if it delivers the same efficacy of current antidepressant drugs in the market. However, all of this comes with its perils. The company has to evaluate the risks and any potential side effects that the 60 mg per day dosage may have on patients. They also have to assess the feasibility of conducting a clinical trial with a 15 to 18 months’ timeframe and a projected cost of $25 to $50 million. Additionally, they would have to convince the FDA that the new product is ready to market. Failure of any of the aforementioned obstacles could result in loss of the antidepressant market to competitors. Recommendations: Depression and chronic pain diseases, such as fibromyalgia and DPNP, have a profound effect in society at large. Studies in scientific publications have estimated that depression affects 10% to 25% of the population. The antidepressant market in the U. S. in 2000 totaled sales of approximately $9 billion. Eli Lilly has positioned itself well in this market segment. The company has enjoyed a market lead with annual sales of over $2 billion with its antidepressant drug, Prozac. Cymbalta needs to focus on maintaining and increasing that $2 billion dollar revenue Prozac has achieved over the past years, by building on the successful foundations Prozac has already established. It is important to develop an updated product that will undoubtedly outperform its competitors. Cymbalta might be a successful replacement because of its good efficacy or efficacy better than existing antidepressants, Cymbalta also has no apparent safety or toxicity issues, and its possibilities of meeting a previously unmet patient needs, exemplifies why Cymbalta has the potential to total higher record sales than even Prozac. How to cite Eli Lilly: Developing Cymbalta, Papers

New Ordering System for Girl Scout Cookies

Before the implementation of a new ordering system, Girl Scout Cookies faced several challenges. In particular, they had to cope with an excessive amount of paperwork (Laudon Laudon, 2007). For example, the employees had to mark their sales on individual order cards that were later transferred to the troop leaders. In turn, these cards had to be delivered to local headquarters and only then these data had to be provided to manufacturers.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on New Ordering System for Girl Scout Cookies specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Thus, one can say that this process was very time-consuming. Moreover, it involved a great number of steps. Furthermore, such an approach did have any safeguards against the individual mistakes of workers. For instance, one can mention calculation errors (Laudon Laudon, 2007). Thus, the new ordering system had to address these problems; otherwise the performance of t he company could decline. In order to respond to these issues the management of Girl Scout Cookies adopted a computerized system called QuickBase. It is a Web-based software solution that is specifically designed for the needs of small businesses. This program enables companies to create various database applications that are used to transfer various kinds of data between different departments. The main advantage of this solution is that it is very inexpensive and user-friendly (Laudon Laudon, 2007). It should be noted that other many businesses pay attention to user-friendliness of software solutions, because they do want to spend money on the training of employees (Vaman, 2007, p. 95). These examples indicate that management should pay attention to the skills of their workers and their needs. Overall, the adoption of this system brought several changes to the company. First of all, it reduced the time that company needed to processes each of its orders placed by the clients. As s oon as they received a request from the customer, they could start working on the order almost immediately. Moreover, computerized order tracking system enabled the company to reduce the calculation errors of the employees by more 90 percent (Laudon Laudon, 2007). Finally, the adoption of this software helped them develop shipment schedules (Laudon Laudon, 2007). Thus, one can argue that the new system greatly increased the efficiency of the company. This is the main benefit brought by the new system. This case illustrates several challenges faced by businesses, especially when they want to implement new software solutions. First of all, the development of an ordering system is a time-consuming and expensive process. Therefore, not every organization can afford such a solution and the management should determine which application best suits the interests of a company.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Additionally, companies should remember that their workers may not necessarily know how to use new programs. So, companies should choose such applications that offer a good ratio of efficiency and user-friendliness. This is another issue that should be overlooked. Nevertheless, the case of Girl Scout Cookies shows that these challenges can be overcome. On the whole, businesses are greatly dependent on their ability to incorporate new technologies. These tools are essential for remaining competitive and satisfying the needs of the clients. Businesses should be able to identify their needs and understand the expectations of customers. Only in this way, companies can better implement information technologies. The case of Girl Scout Cookies shows how small businesses can improve their performance. Reference List Laudon, K. Laudon J. (2007). Essentials of business information systems. Philadelphia: Pennsylvania State University. Vaman, J. (2007). ERP in Practice: ERP Strategies for Steering Organizational  Competence and Competitive Advantage. New York: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. This case study on New Ordering System for Girl Scout Cookies was written and submitted by user Lia Jordan to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.